Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information.

Common threats include malware, phishing, ransomware, DDoS attacks, insider threats, SQL injection, zero-day exploits, and advanced persistent threats (APTs).

Technical skills (networking, systems, coding), knowledge of security tools, risk management, problem-solving, attention to detail, and continuous learning mindset.

Certifications include CompTIA Security+, CEH (Ethical Hacker), CISSP, CISM, GSEC, and OSCP. Entry-level roles often start with Security+ or CEH.

Ethical hacking involves authorized attempts to bypass system security to identify vulnerabilities that malicious hackers could exploit, helping organizations improve defenses.

Information security is a broader field protecting all information assets (physical/digital), while cybersecurity specifically focuses on protecting digital systems/networks.

Popular frameworks include NIST Cybersecurity Framework, ISO 27001, CIS Controls, and PCI DSS (for payment security). These provide security best practices.

Start with IT fundamentals (networking, systems), earn entry-level certs, gain hands-on practice through labs/CTFs, and consider specialization areas like pentesting or forensics.

Penetration testing (pentesting) is simulated cyberattack against a system to check for exploitable vulnerabilities, typically following a defined scope and rules of engagement.

Challenges include cloud security, AI-powered attacks, IoT vulnerabilities, ransomware, supply chain attacks, and the cybersecurity skills shortage.